Category: 5. Knowledge Represent

Reasoning in artificial intelligence has two important forms, Inductive reasoning, and Deductive reasoning. Both reasoning forms have premises and conclusions, but both reasoning are contradictory to each other. Following is a list for comparison between inductive and deductive reasoning: Deductive reasoning uses available facts, information, or knowledge to deduce a valid conclusion, whereas inductive reasoning… Continue reading Inductive vs Deductive reasoning

In previous topics, we have learned various ways of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. Now we will learn the various ways to reason on this knowledge using different logical schemes. Reasoning: The reasoning is the mental process of deriving logical conclusion and making predictions from available knowledge, facts, and beliefs. Or we can say, “Reasoning… Continue reading Reasoning in Artificial intelligence

Following is the difference between the forward chaining and backward chaining: Forward chaining as the name suggests, start from the known facts and move forward by applying inference rules to extract more data, and it continues until it reaches to the goal, whereas backward chaining starts from the goal, move backward by using inference rules… Continue reading Difference b/w backward chaining and forward chaining

In artificial intelligence, forward and backward chaining is one of the important topics, but before understanding forward and backward chaining lets first understand that from where these two terms came. Inference engine: The inference engine is the component of the intelligent system in artificial intelligence, which applies logical rules to the knowledge base to infer… Continue reading Forward Chaining and backward chaining in AI

Resolution Resolution is a theorem proving technique that proceeds by building refutation proofs, i.e., proofs by contradictions. It was invented by a Mathematician John Alan Robinson in the year 1965. Resolution is used, if there are various statements are given, and we need to prove a conclusion of those statements. Unification is a key concept… Continue reading Resolution in FOL

What is Unification? Unification is a process of making two different logical atomic expressions identical by finding a substitution. Unification depends on the substitution process. It takes two literals as input and makes them identical using substitution. Let Ψ1 and Ψ2 be two atomic sentences and ? be a unifier such that, Ψ1? = Ψ2?, then it can… Continue reading Unification in FOL

Inference in First-Order Logic is used to deduce new facts or sentences from existing sentences. Before understanding the FOL inference rule, let’s understand some basic terminologies used in FOL. Substitution: Substitution is a fundamental operation performed on terms and formulas. It occurs in all inference systems in first-order logic. The substitution is complex in the… Continue reading Inference in First-Order Logic

What is knowledge-engineering? The process of constructing a knowledge-base in first-order logic is called as knowledge- engineering. In knowledge-engineering, someone who investigates a particular domain, learns important concept of that domain, and generates a formal representation of the objects, is known as knowledge engineer. In this topic, we will understand the Knowledge engineering process in an electronic… Continue reading Knowledge Engineering in First-order logic

In the topic of Propositional logic, we have seen that how to represent statements using propositional logic. But unfortunately, in propositional logic, we can only represent the facts, which are either true or false. PL is not sufficient to represent the complex sentences or natural language statements. The propositional logic has very limited expressive power.… Continue reading First-Order Logic in AI

As in the previous topic we have learned about the wumpus world and how a knowledge-based agent evolves the world. Now in this topic, we will create a knowledge base for the wumpus world, and will derive some proves for the Wumpus-world using propositional logic. The agent starts visiting from first square [1, 1], and… Continue reading Knowledge-base for Wumpus world