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Introduction

Periodic element classification is the process of categorizing the elements into various classes. This strategy involves grouping like things together and separating those that are unrelated by comparing the characteristics of several elements. It aids in our comprehension of how various compounds combine to form various elements. Without the classification of elements, it would be… Continue reading Introduction

Hard Water

Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulphates. When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions of hard water react with soap forming insoluble curdy white precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids. 2C17H35COONa+MgCl2 → (C17H35COO)2Mg+2NaCl2C17H35COONa+CaCl2 → (C17H35COO)2Ca+2NaCl These precipitates stick to the fabric being washed… Continue reading Hard Water

Soaps and Detergents

Cleansing Action of Soap When soap is added to water, the soap molecules uniquely orient themselves to form spherical shape micelles. The non-polar hydrophobic part or tail of the soap molecules attracts the dirt or oil part of the fabric, while the polar hydrophilic part or head,(−COO−Na+, remains attracted to water molecules. The agitation or scrubbing… Continue reading Soaps and Detergents

Phy. ,Chemical Properties and Others

The members of any particular family have almost identical chemical properties due to the same functional group. Their physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, etc., show a regular gradation with the increase in the molecular mass. Chemical Properties A chemical property is a property that describes a substance’s ability to undergo a specific… Continue reading Phy. ,Chemical Properties and Others

Functional Groups and Classification

Functional Groups An atom or a group of atoms which when present in a compound gives specific physical and chemical properties to it regardless of the length and nature of the carbon chain is called a functional group. Classification of Functional Groups Main Functional Groups: (i) Hydroxyl group (-OH): All organic compounds containing -OH group… Continue reading Functional Groups and Classification

Chains, Branches and Rings

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are known as alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4.…..Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General formula = CnH2n where… Continue reading Chains, Branches and Rings

Diamond and Others

Diamond has a regular tetrahedral geometry. This is because each carbon is connected to four neighbouring carbon atoms via single covalent bonds, resulting in a single unit of a crystal. These crystal units lie in different planes and are connected to each other,  resulting in a rigid three-dimensional cubic pattern of the diamond. Diamond: Has a high density… Continue reading Diamond and Others

Allotropes of Carbon

– The phenomenon of the existence of the same element in different physical forms with similar chemical properties is known as allotropy.– Some elements like carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, etc., exhibit this phenomenon.– Crystalline allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite and, fullerene.– Amorphous allotropes of carbon include coal, coke, charcoal, lamp black and gas carbon.