Converts sulphide ores into oxides on heating strongly in the presence of excess air.
It also removes volatile impurities.
2ZnS(s)+3O2(g)+Heat→2ZnO(s)+2SO2(g)
Calcination
Converts carbonate and hydrated ores into oxides on heating strongly in the presence of limited air. It also removes volatile impurities.
ZnCO3(s)+heat→ZnO(s)+CO2(g)
CaCO3(s)+heat→CaO(s)+CO2(g)
Al2O3.2H2O(s)+heat→2Al2O3(s)+2H2O(l)
2Fe2O3.3H2O(s)+heat→2Fe2O3(s)+3H2O(l)
Reaction of Metals with Water or Steam
Aluminium, iron, and zinc are metals that do not react with either cold or hot water. However, when they come into contact with steam, they produce metal oxide and hydrogen. Lead, copper, silver, and gold are metals that do not react with water.
Metal+Water→Metalhydroxide or Metaloxide+Hydrogen
2Na+2H2O(cold)→2NaOH+H2+heat
Ca+2H2O(cold)→Ca(OH)2+H2
Mg+2H2O(hot)→Mg(OH)2+H2
2Al+3H2O(steam)→Al2O3+3H2
Zn+H2O(steam)→ZnO+H2
3Fe+4H2O(steam)→Fe3O4+4H2
Reaction of Metals with Acid
When a metal is immersed in acid, it becomes smaller and smaller as the chemical process consumes it. Gas bubbles can also be detected at the same moment. Hydrogen gas bubbles are formed as a result of the reaction. Because hydrogen is combustible, this can be demonstrated with a burning splint.
Metal+diluteacid→Salt+Hydrogengas
2Na(s)+2HCl(dilute)→2NaCl(aq)+H2(g)
2K(s)+H2SO4(dilute)→K2SO4(aq)+H2(g)
Only Mg and Mn, react with very dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas.
Mg(s)+2HNO3(dilute)→Mg(NO3)2(aq)+H2(g)
Mn(s)+2HNO3(dilute)→Mn(NO3)2(aq)+H2(g)
Displacement Reaction
A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound or solution.
How Do Metals React with Solution of Other Metal Salts
A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution in a displacement reaction. Metal displacement reaction is a common name for this reaction. The reactivity of certain regularly used metals has been ordered in decreasing order. This is referred to as the reactivity or activity series.
Metal A+Salt of metal B → Salt of metal A + Metal B
Fe(s)+CuSO4(aq)→FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s)
Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq)→Cu(NO3)(aq)+2Ag(s)
- It’s a component of thermite welding. Aluminium displaces iron from its oxide in this process.
- It is used in the production of steel. In which iron is displaced from its oxide by carbon.
- It is mostly utilised in metal extraction