Month: July 2022

Ethanol (i) Ethanol, C2H5OH is a colourless liquid having a pleasant smell.(ii)   It boils at 351 K.(iii)  It is miscible with water in all proportions.(iv)  It is a nonconductor of electricity (it does not contain ions)(v)   It is neutral to litmus. Uses: 1. As an antifreeze in radiators of vehicles in cold countries.2. As a solvent… Continue reading Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

The members of any particular family have almost identical chemical properties due to the same functional group. Their physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, etc., show a regular gradation with the increase in the molecular mass. Chemical Properties A chemical property is a property that describes a substance’s ability to undergo a specific… Continue reading Phy. ,Chemical Properties and Others

Functional Groups An atom or a group of atoms which when present in a compound gives specific physical and chemical properties to it regardless of the length and nature of the carbon chain is called a functional group. Classification of Functional Groups Main Functional Groups: (i) Hydroxyl group (-OH): All organic compounds containing -OH group… Continue reading Functional Groups and Classification

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are known as alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4.…..Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General formula = CnH2n where… Continue reading Chains, Branches and Rings

Diamond has a regular tetrahedral geometry. This is because each carbon is connected to four neighbouring carbon atoms via single covalent bonds, resulting in a single unit of a crystal. These crystal units lie in different planes and are connected to each other,  resulting in a rigid three-dimensional cubic pattern of the diamond. Diamond: Has a high density… Continue reading Diamond and Others

– The phenomenon of the existence of the same element in different physical forms with similar chemical properties is known as allotropy.– Some elements like carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, etc., exhibit this phenomenon.– Crystalline allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite and, fullerene.– Amorphous allotropes of carbon include coal, coke, charcoal, lamp black and gas carbon.

A methane molecule (CH4) is formed when four electrons of carbon are shared with four hydrogen atoms as shown below. Versatile Nature of Carbon Tetravalency, and Catenation The fact that carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds demonstrates its versatility. It can also form chains, branching chains, and rings when joined to other carbon… Continue reading Covalent Bonding in Carbon

A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. It is primarily formed between two same nonmetallic atoms or between nonmetallic atoms with similar electronegativity. Lewis Dot Structure Lewis structures are also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures.These are basically diagrams with the element’s symbol in the centre.… Continue reading Covalent Bond

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of valence electron/s, primarily between a metal and a nonmetal. The electrostatic attractions between the oppositely charged ions hold the compound together.Ionic compounds: Are usually crystalline solids (made of ions) Have high melting and boiling points Conduct electricity when melted Are mostly soluble in water and polar solvents

Difficulty of Carbon to Form a Stable Ion To achieve the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, He, if the carbon atom loses four of its valence electrons, a huge amount of energy is involved. C4+ ion hence formed will be highly unstable due to the presence of six protons and two electrons. If the… Continue reading Covalent Bonding