Month: April 2022

Carbocations The stability of carbocations can be explained by the Inductive Effect. CH3++CH2(CH3) +CH(CH3)2+C(CH3)3 i.e. Methyl Primary (1°) Secondary (2°) Tertiary(3°) We know that alkyl groups of organic chemistry are +I groups, that is, they release electrons through the sigma bonds. Since the carbon is deficient of electrons, we can say that as the number of methyl group increases,… Continue reading Stability of Intermediates

What are Carbanions? They are generated by heterolytically cleaving a group attached to carbon without removing the bonded electrons. This makes the carbon have a pair of electrons, thereby, imparting a negative charge on the carbon. CH3– is isoelectronic with NH3 and it is sp3 hybridized and the shape is pyramidal owing to the presence of a lone pair of electrons. Formation of… Continue reading Carbanions and Carbocations

Why Triplet Carbene is more Stable than Singlet? Triplet carbene has lower energy than singlet carbene because in singlet carbene there are more inter-electronic repulsions as both the electrons exist in the same orbital whereas in triplet carbene the two electrons exist in different orbitals making it possess less energy. What are Free Radicals? Free radicals in organic chemistry… Continue reading What are Free Radicals?

inglet carbene Hybridisation: They are sp2 hybridized with a bent shape. They have a bond angle of 103° and bond length of 112 pm. Hybridization of Singlet Carbene Triplet Carbene Hybridization: They possess a sp hybrid orbital with a linear shape. They have a bond angle and bond length of 180° and 103 pm respectively.

Intermediates can be understood as the first product of a consecutive reaction. For example, in a chemical reaction, if A→B and B→C, then, B can be said to be the intermediate for reaction A→C. The reactions in organic chemistry occur via the formation of these intermediates.

If the covalent bonds between two elements break heterolytically, i.e., unequally, it results in the formation of charged species. This type of bond breaking, where the electrons are unevenly distributed is called heterolytic cleavage. Heterolytic Cleavage of Covalent Bond In the above figure, we have used arrows to signify the movement of electrons, a regular… Continue reading What is Heterolytic Cleavage?

The reactions in organic chemistry occur by the breaking and making of bonds. Bonds can cleave in either of two ways: Homolytic Cleavage Heterolytic cleavage What is Homolytic Cleavage? If the covalent bonds between two elements break in such a way that each of the elements get their own electrons, it is called homolytic cleavage. That is, each element gets… Continue reading Cleavage of Bonds

Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following: